Predict how the operation of this flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC) circuit will be affected as a result of the following faults. Consider each fault independently (i.e. one at a time, no multiple faults):

Resistor R16 fails open:

Resistor R1 fails open:

Comparator U13 output fails low:

Solder bridge (short) across resistor R14:

For each of these conditions, explain why the resulting effects will occur.